Yat
Genellikle yarış gayesi veya eğlence için kullanılan narin, hafif yelken veya motor gücü ile hareket eden bir deniz aracı. Kürekle, tekne dışından motorla tahrikli deniz araçları yat sınıfına girmezler. 1850′lere kadar tamamen yelkenli olan yatlar bu tarihten itibaren buhar makinalarının sahneye çıkması ile makineyle de tahrik edilmeye başlanmıştır. Yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yapılan yatların çoğunda yardımcı makine olarak dizel motor kullanılmıştır. Birinci Düya Savaşı esnasında dizel motorla tahrikli yatların tonajı 2500 tonu geçmiştir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonunda ise savaş gemilerinden Özellikle mayın gemileri yapı olarak hafif ve yata yakın olduğu için özel firmalar ve zengin kimseler tarafından satın alınarak eğlence ve spor maksadı ile yatçılıkta kullanılmıştır.
Yatın doğuş yeri Hollanda’dır. On altıncı yüzyılda kanallarda, göllerde ve denizlerde avcı gemisi olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Yat hafif olduğu için yelkenlerini şişirince zarif teknesi süratle hedefe yetişir. 1660 senesinde İngiltere bu tür tekneler yapmaya başlamıştır. Yatın bir spor ve eğlence aracı haline gelişi 19. yüzyıla rastlar. İlk defa ABD’de 1851 senesinde başlayan yat yarışları, yat kulüplerinin kararlaştırdığı senelerde yapılmak üzere devam etmektedir. Yat yarışları tekne ve yelken formlarında gelişmelere sebep olmuştur. 1937 senesinde yapılan ABD’ye ait “Ranger” yatının yelken alanı 1903 senesinde yapılan yine ABD’ye ait “Relience” yatının yelken alanından yarı yarıya az olmasına rağmen tekne aerodinamik yapısı ve yelken şeklindeki değişiklik sebebiyle daha süratli yol alma özelliğine kavuşmuştur.
Yelkenler 18. yüzyıla kadar alt tarafı geniş dörtgen biçiminde yapılırken araştırmalar yelkenlerin üst tarafını uzun üçgen yapmanın daha verimli olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Olimpiyat yarışlarında müsabakaya giren üçgen yelkenli yatlar standart şekiller almıştır. Bunlara finn flying dutchman, star, dragon ve 5,5 metre isimleri verilmiştir. İki tekneli katamaron yatlar ve üç tekneli trimaran yatlar da vardır.
Yat yarışları uzun ve kısa mesafelerde yapılabilir. Bu yarışlar muhtelif yat kulüpleri tarafından tertiplenir. En Ünlü yat yarışları Fastnet, Bermuda yarışları, San Francisco-Honolu, Sydney-Hobart yarışları… Milletlerarası yarışlar, Olimpiyat yarışları gibi büyük ölçüde yarışlar yanında amatör yarışmaları da vardır.
Yat yarışlarında açık deniz yat yarışları çok önemsizdir. Bu yarışta yelkenliler 8 sınıfa ayrılmıştır. Her türlü yelkenli için geçerli olan yarış kurallarını International Yacht Racing Union (İYRU) belirler. Genelde açık deniz yat yarışları International Off Shore Racing (İOR) tarafından hazırlanan yarış şartları yönetmeliğine göre yapılır.
Günümüzde açık deniz yat yarışlarının şartları, Büyük Britanya yarışlarını yöneten Royal Racing Club’ın (RORC) kurallarıyla Cruising Clup of America’nın (CCA) şartlarının birleştirilmesinin neticesinde meydana gelmiştir.
Yat yarışlarında yarışmaya girecek teknelerin sınıflarını tayin etmede tekne boyu, tekne ağırlığı ve yelken alanı rol oynar. Yelkenli sınıflandırılmasında kullanılan formül:
8 x 1 x Ö 5
Yarışma kademesi=
10003 Ö5
Formülde 1 metre olarak tekne boyu: 8 metrekare olarak yelken alanı; T teknenin ton olarak deplasmanıdır. Sınıflar S,P,Q,R gibi harflerle gösterilir. Mesela P sınıfının yarışma kademesi 31, Q sınıfınınki 25, R sınıfınınki 20′dir.
Türkiye’de yatçılık; gelişme halindedir. Yat ve yelken kulübünün düzenlediği yarışlarla gençler yatçılığa teşvik edilmektedir.
Kaynak: Rehber Ansiklopedisi
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